Trading centres populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses long existed throughout Southeast Asia. Emigration to other parts of the world from China accelerated in the 1860s with the enactment of the Treaty of Peking, which opened the border for free movement. Early emigrants came primarily from the coastal provinces of Guangdong and Fujian (Fukien, Hokkien) – where Cantonese, Hakka, and Chaozhou (Teochew, Chiu Chow) and Hokkien are largely spoken — in southeastern China. Initially, the Qing government of China was unconcerned by the emigration of this population as they were likely[original research?] considered socially undesirable and "traitorous" to China.[citation needed] Trading and moneymaking was considered vulgar and consequently frowned upon in Confucian China, in which Chinese migrants were intending to earn wages as sojourners.[citation needed] However, the Chinese were not strictly united as a group but were divided along sub-ethnic/linguistic lines and friction between those of Cantonese (Punti) and Hakka stocks were common occurrences.[citation needed] Generally, there were also mild but recognisable sub-divisions based on Chinese clans/surnames.